Individual changes in human EEG caused by 450 MHz microwave modulated at 40 and 70 Hz

This study was aimed to investigate the changes in the human electroencephalographic (EEG) signal caused by modulated low-level microwaves. The 450 MHz microwave exposure modulated at 40 Hz and 70 Hz frequencies was applied to a group of 15 volunteers. The field power density at the scalp was 0.16 mW/cm². Ten cycles of the exposure (1 min on and 1 min off) at both modulation frequencies were applied. Analysis of the EEG signal was performed using three different methods: nonlinear method of scaling analysis for length distribution of low variability periods (LDLVP), relative changes in EEG energy (S-parameter) and beta ratio (H-parameter). The analysis revealed significant changes caused by microwave for the whole group (H-parameter method). The exposure caused increase of the EEG beta power (S-parameter method). Statistically significant changes in EEG were detected for four subjects (26.7%) at 40 Hz modulation frequency (LDLVP method).     

Plumage characteristics, reproductive investment and assortative mating in tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor

Elaborate ornamental plumage has been associated with various measures of individual quality in many species of birds. Male plumage characteristics, which have been relatively well studied, have been shown to reflect past reproductive investment, as well as the potential for reproductive investment in the current breeding attempt. In contrast, the signalling functions of female traits remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the relationship between plumage attributes of breeding adult tree swallows and past reproductive investment, current reproductive investment and social mate pairing strategy. Both males and older females possess metallic green to metallic blue iridescent plumage on their dorsal surface, making this a suitable species for this type of investigation. We did not find any effects of past reproductive investment and success on the plumage attributes of returning breeders. In contrast, female plumage hue covaried with fledging success, and female plumage brightness was positively associated with mean clutch egg mass. In addition, we found that social pairs mated assortatively with respect to plumage brightness. We argue that since plumage characteristics vary with age in both male and female tree swallows, plumage attributes in this species are indicative of breeding experience and may be honest signals of quality. Positive assortative pairing could be the result of mutual mate choice or intra-sexual competition for nest sites by both males and females.     

LAKE WATER COLOR: COMPARISON OF DIRECT OBSERVATIONS WITH UNDERWATER SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE1

ABSTRACT: The water color in 14 lakes of diverse optical character has been computed from near-surface upwelling irradiance spectra recorded by a submersible spectroradiometer. In these lakes the hues corresponding to irradiance spectra are in reasonable agreement with Munsell hue matches obtained directly by observation in the field. The simple field technique for hue matching using the Munsell standards was broadly validated by this spectroradiometric study. The technique is recommended for further study by limnologists and water resource managers as a potential additional tool for characterizing waters.     

基于生物光学模型的二类水体光学活性物质估算：以晋江下游河段为例

水体中各组分对光谱的吸收和散射构成了水体的固有光学特性,是生物光学模型的重要参数,是建立水质遥感半分析模型的基础.目前该方法多应用于湖泊水质监测,很少用于河流.因此, 本研究以福建晋江下游河段为例, 探讨水面下反射率R(0^-)与光学活性物质之间的关系,并建立了光学活性物质的估算模型.结果表明,利用R(0^-)₇₅₃与总悬浮物浓度、R(0^-)₇₀₂/R(0^-)₆₈₀与浮游植物色素浓度、R(0^-)₆₇₀/R(0^-)₄₂₃与CDOM吸收系数分别建立的估算模型能取得理想的效果,其决定系数分别是0.953、 0.820 5和0.621 3,对应的相对误差分别是6.1%、 21.87%和22.18%.三者中以悬浮物浓度的反演精度最高,然后依次为浮游植物色素浓度和CDOM.主要原因在于浮游植物色素的浓度相对较低,光谱信号较弱;CDOM的特征光谱波段很窄,而且该波段内的R(0^-)受到其它２种物质存在的影响.     

湿地植被叶面积指数对光化学指数和光能利用率关系的影响————基于实测数据和PROSPECT-SAIL模型

光化学指数PRI(Photochemical Reflectance Index)是估算光能利用率LUE(Light Use Efficiency)的一种快速监测的有效指标,分析各种因素对二者的影响是提高估算精度的前提.论文针对三种杭州湾典型湿地植物 [旱柳(Salix matsudana),柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)和芦苇(Phragm itescommunis)],实地观测了其光合作用及日变化,叶面积指数以及同步植被光谱.同时采用PROSPECT-SAIL模型模拟叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)从小到大变化时植被冠层反射率,分析LAI的变化对冠层PRI的影响.结果表明:1)三种植被在日变化上,芦苇,旱柳和柽柳的PRI和LUE的相关性较好,R²分别为0.581 6,0.524 6和0.514 6;而对同一种植被在不考虑时间变化的条件下,PRI和LUE的相关性会有所减弱,对于LAI较小的冠层,PRI不能精确反映LUE;2)当LAI < 5时,冠层下土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较大,在不同土壤背景下,土壤亮度低的对冠层PRI影响较小;3)当LAI > 5时,土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较小,冠层自身的LAI才是影响PRI和LUE相关性的决定因素.因此,PRI和LUE关系模型还需要进一步探索和完善,引入更精确的模型和参数,不断提高LUE估算的准确度.     

Studies on reflective features of Norway spruce and their possible applications in remote sensing of forest damage∗

Reflective features of Norway spruce have been studied as a part of a multi‐level experiment in order to assess and to develop methods for early forecasting of forest damages by remote sensing. Discoloration and histological changes were investigated by high resolution reflectance spectroscopy and true‐color image interpretation of histological cuts, respectively. Major changes of reflectances were detected in the visible spectral range 480–680 nm depending on degree of tree's damages and/or needle discoloration. Related histological changes depending on degree of tree's damage were hypertrophy of chloroplasts, plasmolysis and partial loss of compartmentalization. Development and use of several highly sensitive channels with narrow bandwidths between 480 and 680 nm, e.g. 480, 550, 680, 760 nm, for early assessment of forest damages by remote sensing could be recommended.     

Correlations between forest fires in British Columbia, Canada, and sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean

Correlations and cross-correlations between forest fires in the province of British Columbia, Canada, and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean were evaluated. British Columbia has a long Pacific Ocean coastline; given that there may be teleconnections between the province's forest fires and climate variability over the ocean, significant correlations may exist between forest fires and the sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean. Fire occurrences and areas burned through lightning-caused and human-caused fires were analyzed against individual 1° × 1° grid cells of anomalies in the sea surface temperature to determine correlations for the period 1950-2006. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) for vast areas of the ocean were found between occurrences of lightning-caused fires and sea surface temperature anomalies for time lags of 1 and 2 years, whereas significant correlations between occurrences of human-caused fires and sea surface temperature anomalies occurred extensively for many time lags. To support the results of this approach, correlations between fire data and the Niño 3.4, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Arctic Oscillation indices were tested for the same period. Significant correlations were found between fire occurrences and these indices at certain time lags. Overall, fire occurrence appeared to be more extensively correlated with sea surface temperature anomalies than was area burned. These results support the hypothesis that teleconnections exist between fire activity in British Columbia and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, and the correlations suggest that linear regression models or other regression techniques may be appropriate for predicting fire severity from the sea surface temperatures of one or more previous years.     

一种基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的水体信息提取方法研究

提出一种基于Landsat 8 OLI影像提取水体信息的斜率比值法（SR）,比对不同方法、不同类型水体和不同季节影像的数据,结果表明：SR法相比归一化差异水体指数法（NDWI）和改进的归一化差异水体指数法（MNDWI）,水体信息提取精度更高,且对阈值精确度的要求低,阈值一般设定为2.0;SR法适用于清澈水体、浑浊水体、浅水河滩等水体,对河流干流和较大支流的提取精度达到99%,细小支流、沟渠的提取精度为66%,面积较小的水体提取精度为65%;在冬季太阳高度角较低时,SR也能较好地去除阴影。     

ICP光谱分析环境样品光谱干扰

编制了专门用于按照国际法定计量组织文件规定作环境样品ICP光谱分析时校正光谱干扰的程序.校正程序共7套,分别用于各种光谱仪的带宽条件,按微机屏幕上中文人机对话,输入实验数据即可完成干扰校正.     

镜质体反射率(R_O)推算古地温研究进展

沉积盆地形成和演化过程中 ,盆地的热体制是动态变化的 ,研究的方法也多种多样。文中较详细地介绍了各种运用有机质成熟度来研究盆地热演化的方法 ,并对它们的优缺点进行了评价。因此得出适合自己工作区的两种方法 :A .Hood图解法和镜质体反射率梯度法。前者是较为成熟的方法 ,而后者是较新的方法